diff --git a/audio/audio_int.h b/audio/audio_int.h
index 66214199f0..2a7556d113 100644
--- a/audio/audio_int.h
+++ b/audio/audio_int.h
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ struct audio_pcm_info {
 typedef struct SWVoiceCap SWVoiceCap;
 
 typedef struct HWVoiceOut {
+    AudioState *s;
     int enabled;
     int poll_mode;
     int pending_disable;
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@ typedef struct HWVoiceOut {
 } HWVoiceOut;
 
 typedef struct HWVoiceIn {
+    AudioState *s;
     int enabled;
     int poll_mode;
     struct audio_pcm_info info;
@@ -94,6 +96,7 @@ typedef struct HWVoiceIn {
 
 struct SWVoiceOut {
     QEMUSoundCard *card;
+    AudioState *s;
     struct audio_pcm_info info;
     t_sample *conv;
     int64_t ratio;
@@ -111,6 +114,7 @@ struct SWVoiceOut {
 
 struct SWVoiceIn {
     QEMUSoundCard *card;
+    AudioState *s;
     int active;
     struct audio_pcm_info info;
     int64_t ratio;
@@ -188,6 +192,9 @@ struct AudioState {
     int nb_hw_voices_in;
     int vm_running;
     int64_t period_ticks;
+
+    bool timer_running;
+    uint64_t timer_last;
 };
 
 extern const struct mixeng_volume nominal_volume;
diff --git a/audio/audio_template.h b/audio/audio_template.h
index c1d7207abd..ccf6d810f7 100644
--- a/audio/audio_template.h
+++ b/audio/audio_template.h
@@ -36,9 +36,9 @@
 #define HWBUF hw->conv_buf
 #endif
 
-static void glue (audio_init_nb_voices_, TYPE) (struct audio_driver *drv)
+static void glue(audio_init_nb_voices_, TYPE)(AudioState *s,
+                                              struct audio_driver *drv)
 {
-    AudioState *s = &glob_audio_state;
     int max_voices = glue (drv->max_voices_, TYPE);
     int voice_size = glue (drv->voice_size_, TYPE);
 
@@ -183,8 +183,8 @@ static void glue (audio_pcm_hw_del_sw_, TYPE) (SW *sw)
 
 static void glue (audio_pcm_hw_gc_, TYPE) (HW **hwp)
 {
-    AudioState *s = &glob_audio_state;
     HW *hw = *hwp;
+    AudioState *s = hw->s;
 
     if (!hw->sw_head.lh_first) {
 #ifdef DAC
@@ -199,15 +199,14 @@ static void glue (audio_pcm_hw_gc_, TYPE) (HW **hwp)
     }
 }
 
-static HW *glue (audio_pcm_hw_find_any_, TYPE) (HW *hw)
+static HW *glue(audio_pcm_hw_find_any_, TYPE)(AudioState *s, HW *hw)
 {
-    AudioState *s = &glob_audio_state;
     return hw ? hw->entries.le_next : glue (s->hw_head_, TYPE).lh_first;
 }
 
-static HW *glue (audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_, TYPE) (HW *hw)
+static HW *glue(audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_, TYPE)(AudioState *s, HW *hw)
 {
-    while ((hw = glue (audio_pcm_hw_find_any_, TYPE) (hw))) {
+    while ((hw = glue(audio_pcm_hw_find_any_, TYPE)(s, hw))) {
         if (hw->enabled) {
             return hw;
         }
@@ -215,12 +214,10 @@ static HW *glue (audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_, TYPE) (HW *hw)
     return NULL;
 }
 
-static HW *glue (audio_pcm_hw_find_specific_, TYPE) (
-    HW *hw,
-    struct audsettings *as
-    )
+static HW *glue(audio_pcm_hw_find_specific_, TYPE)(AudioState *s, HW *hw,
+                                                   struct audsettings *as)
 {
-    while ((hw = glue (audio_pcm_hw_find_any_, TYPE) (hw))) {
+    while ((hw = glue(audio_pcm_hw_find_any_, TYPE)(s, hw))) {
         if (audio_pcm_info_eq (&hw->info, as)) {
             return hw;
         }
@@ -228,10 +225,10 @@ static HW *glue (audio_pcm_hw_find_specific_, TYPE) (
     return NULL;
 }
 
-static HW *glue (audio_pcm_hw_add_new_, TYPE) (struct audsettings *as)
+static HW *glue(audio_pcm_hw_add_new_, TYPE)(AudioState *s,
+                                             struct audsettings *as)
 {
     HW *hw;
-    AudioState *s = &glob_audio_state;
     struct audio_driver *drv = s->drv;
 
     if (!glue (s->nb_hw_voices_, TYPE)) {
@@ -255,6 +252,7 @@ static HW *glue (audio_pcm_hw_add_new_, TYPE) (struct audsettings *as)
         return NULL;
     }
 
+    hw->s = s;
     hw->pcm_ops = drv->pcm_ops;
     hw->ctl_caps = drv->ctl_caps;
 
@@ -299,33 +297,33 @@ static HW *glue (audio_pcm_hw_add_new_, TYPE) (struct audsettings *as)
     return NULL;
 }
 
-static HW *glue (audio_pcm_hw_add_, TYPE) (struct audsettings *as)
+static HW *glue(audio_pcm_hw_add_, TYPE)(AudioState *s, struct audsettings *as)
 {
     HW *hw;
-    AudioState *s = &glob_audio_state;
     AudiodevPerDirectionOptions *pdo = s->dev->TYPE;
 
     if (pdo->fixed_settings) {
-        hw = glue (audio_pcm_hw_add_new_, TYPE) (as);
+        hw = glue(audio_pcm_hw_add_new_, TYPE)(s, as);
         if (hw) {
             return hw;
         }
     }
 
-    hw = glue (audio_pcm_hw_find_specific_, TYPE) (NULL, as);
+    hw = glue(audio_pcm_hw_find_specific_, TYPE)(s, NULL, as);
     if (hw) {
         return hw;
     }
 
-    hw = glue (audio_pcm_hw_add_new_, TYPE) (as);
+    hw = glue(audio_pcm_hw_add_new_, TYPE)(s, as);
     if (hw) {
         return hw;
     }
 
-    return glue (audio_pcm_hw_find_any_, TYPE) (NULL);
+    return glue(audio_pcm_hw_find_any_, TYPE)(s, NULL);
 }
 
-static SW *glue (audio_pcm_create_voice_pair_, TYPE) (
+static SW *glue(audio_pcm_create_voice_pair_, TYPE)(
+    AudioState *s,
     const char *sw_name,
     struct audsettings *as
     )
@@ -333,7 +331,6 @@ static SW *glue (audio_pcm_create_voice_pair_, TYPE) (
     SW *sw;
     HW *hw;
     struct audsettings hw_as;
-    AudioState *s = &glob_audio_state;
     AudiodevPerDirectionOptions *pdo = s->dev->TYPE;
 
     if (pdo->fixed_settings) {
@@ -349,8 +346,9 @@ static SW *glue (audio_pcm_create_voice_pair_, TYPE) (
                sw_name ? sw_name : "unknown", sizeof (*sw));
         goto err1;
     }
+    sw->s = s;
 
-    hw = glue (audio_pcm_hw_add_, TYPE) (&hw_as);
+    hw = glue(audio_pcm_hw_add_, TYPE)(s, &hw_as);
     if (!hw) {
         goto err2;
     }
@@ -447,7 +445,7 @@ SW *glue (AUD_open_, TYPE) (
         }
     }
     else {
-        sw = glue (audio_pcm_create_voice_pair_, TYPE) (name, as);
+        sw = glue(audio_pcm_create_voice_pair_, TYPE)(s, name, as);
         if (!sw) {
             dolog ("Failed to create voice `%s'\n", name);
             return NULL;
diff --git a/audio/audio.c b/audio/audio.c
index 77bd8386d0..ef8ce3b91d 100644
--- a/audio/audio.c
+++ b/audio/audio.c
@@ -397,12 +397,10 @@ static void noop_conv (struct st_sample *dst, const void *src, int samples)
     (void) samples;
 }
 
-static CaptureVoiceOut *audio_pcm_capture_find_specific (
-    struct audsettings *as
-    )
+static CaptureVoiceOut *audio_pcm_capture_find_specific(AudioState *s,
+                                                        struct audsettings *as)
 {
     CaptureVoiceOut *cap;
-    AudioState *s = &glob_audio_state;
 
     for (cap = s->cap_head.lh_first; cap; cap = cap->entries.le_next) {
         if (audio_pcm_info_eq (&cap->hw.info, as)) {
@@ -479,7 +477,7 @@ static void audio_detach_capture (HWVoiceOut *hw)
 
 static int audio_attach_capture (HWVoiceOut *hw)
 {
-    AudioState *s = &glob_audio_state;
+    AudioState *s = hw->s;
     CaptureVoiceOut *cap;
 
     audio_detach_capture (hw);
@@ -792,19 +790,15 @@ static void audio_pcm_print_info (const char *cap, struct audio_pcm_info *info)
 /*
  * Timer
  */
-
-static bool audio_timer_running;
-static uint64_t audio_timer_last;
-
-static int audio_is_timer_needed (void)
+static int audio_is_timer_needed(AudioState *s)
 {
     HWVoiceIn *hwi = NULL;
     HWVoiceOut *hwo = NULL;
 
-    while ((hwo = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_out (hwo))) {
+    while ((hwo = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_out(s, hwo))) {
         if (!hwo->poll_mode) return 1;
     }
-    while ((hwi = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_in (hwi))) {
+    while ((hwi = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_in(s, hwi))) {
         if (!hwi->poll_mode) return 1;
     }
     return 0;
@@ -812,18 +806,18 @@ static int audio_is_timer_needed (void)
 
 static void audio_reset_timer (AudioState *s)
 {
-    if (audio_is_timer_needed ()) {
+    if (audio_is_timer_needed(s)) {
         timer_mod_anticipate_ns(s->ts,
             qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL) + s->period_ticks);
-        if (!audio_timer_running) {
-            audio_timer_running = true;
-            audio_timer_last = qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL);
+        if (!s->timer_running) {
+            s->timer_running = true;
+            s->timer_last = qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL);
             trace_audio_timer_start(s->period_ticks / SCALE_MS);
         }
     } else {
         timer_del(s->ts);
-        if (audio_timer_running) {
-            audio_timer_running = false;
+        if (s->timer_running) {
+            s->timer_running = false;
             trace_audio_timer_stop();
         }
     }
@@ -835,11 +829,11 @@ static void audio_timer (void *opaque)
     AudioState *s = opaque;
 
     now = qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL);
-    diff = now - audio_timer_last;
+    diff = now - s->timer_last;
     if (diff > s->period_ticks * 3 / 2) {
         trace_audio_timer_delayed(diff / SCALE_MS);
     }
-    audio_timer_last = now;
+    s->timer_last = now;
 
     audio_run("timer");
     audio_reset_timer(s);
@@ -893,7 +887,7 @@ void AUD_set_active_out (SWVoiceOut *sw, int on)
 
     hw = sw->hw;
     if (sw->active != on) {
-        AudioState *s = &glob_audio_state;
+        AudioState *s = sw->s;
         SWVoiceOut *temp_sw;
         SWVoiceCap *sc;
 
@@ -940,7 +934,7 @@ void AUD_set_active_in (SWVoiceIn *sw, int on)
 
     hw = sw->hw;
     if (sw->active != on) {
-        AudioState *s = &glob_audio_state;
+        AudioState *s = sw->s;
         SWVoiceIn *temp_sw;
 
         if (on) {
@@ -1063,7 +1057,7 @@ static void audio_run_out (AudioState *s)
     HWVoiceOut *hw = NULL;
     SWVoiceOut *sw;
 
-    while ((hw = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_out (hw))) {
+    while ((hw = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_out(s, hw))) {
         int played;
         int live, free, nb_live, cleanup_required, prev_rpos;
 
@@ -1168,7 +1162,7 @@ static void audio_run_in (AudioState *s)
 {
     HWVoiceIn *hw = NULL;
 
-    while ((hw = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_in (hw))) {
+    while ((hw = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_in(s, hw))) {
         SWVoiceIn *sw;
         int captured = 0, min;
 
@@ -1274,8 +1268,8 @@ static int audio_driver_init(AudioState *s, struct audio_driver *drv,
     s->drv_opaque = drv->init(dev);
 
     if (s->drv_opaque) {
-        audio_init_nb_voices_out (drv);
-        audio_init_nb_voices_in (drv);
+        audio_init_nb_voices_out(s, drv);
+        audio_init_nb_voices_in(s, drv);
         s->drv = drv;
         return 0;
     }
@@ -1294,11 +1288,11 @@ static void audio_vm_change_state_handler (void *opaque, int running,
     int op = running ? VOICE_ENABLE : VOICE_DISABLE;
 
     s->vm_running = running;
-    while ((hwo = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_out (hwo))) {
+    while ((hwo = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_out(s, hwo))) {
         hwo->pcm_ops->ctl_out(hwo, op);
     }
 
-    while ((hwi = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_in (hwi))) {
+    while ((hwi = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_in(s, hwi))) {
         hwi->pcm_ops->ctl_in(hwi, op);
     }
     audio_reset_timer (s);
@@ -1318,7 +1312,7 @@ void audio_cleanup(void)
     HWVoiceIn *hwi, *hwin;
 
     is_cleaning_up = true;
-    QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(hwo, &glob_audio_state.hw_head_out, entries, hwon) {
+    QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(hwo, &s->hw_head_out, entries, hwon) {
         SWVoiceCap *sc;
 
         if (hwo->enabled) {
@@ -1337,7 +1331,7 @@ void audio_cleanup(void)
         QLIST_REMOVE(hwo, entries);
     }
 
-    QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(hwi, &glob_audio_state.hw_head_in, entries, hwin) {
+    QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(hwi, &s->hw_head_in, entries, hwin) {
         if (hwi->enabled) {
             hwi->pcm_ops->ctl_in (hwi, VOICE_DISABLE);
         }
@@ -1537,7 +1531,7 @@ CaptureVoiceOut *AUD_add_capture (
     cb->ops = *ops;
     cb->opaque = cb_opaque;
 
-    cap = audio_pcm_capture_find_specific (as);
+    cap = audio_pcm_capture_find_specific(s, as);
     if (cap) {
         QLIST_INSERT_HEAD (&cap->cb_head, cb, entries);
         return cap;
@@ -1554,6 +1548,7 @@ CaptureVoiceOut *AUD_add_capture (
         }
 
         hw = &cap->hw;
+        hw->s = s;
         QLIST_INIT (&hw->sw_head);
         QLIST_INIT (&cap->cb_head);
 
@@ -1586,7 +1581,7 @@ CaptureVoiceOut *AUD_add_capture (
         QLIST_INSERT_HEAD (&s->cap_head, cap, entries);
         QLIST_INSERT_HEAD (&cap->cb_head, cb, entries);
 
-        QLIST_FOREACH(hw, &glob_audio_state.hw_head_out, entries) {
+        QLIST_FOREACH(hw, &s->hw_head_out, entries) {
             audio_attach_capture (hw);
         }
         return cap;
