diff --git a/include/block/block_int-common.h b/include/block/block_int-common.h
index 85be256c09..fda9d8b5c8 100644
--- a/include/block/block_int-common.h
+++ b/include/block/block_int-common.h
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ struct BlockDriver {
      */
     void (*bdrv_cancel_in_flight)(BlockDriverState *bs);
 
-    int (*bdrv_inactivate)(BlockDriverState *bs);
+    int GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR (*bdrv_inactivate)(BlockDriverState *bs);
 
     int (*bdrv_snapshot_create)(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                 QEMUSnapshotInfo *sn_info);
@@ -944,8 +944,8 @@ struct BdrvChildClass {
      * when migration is completing) and it can start/stop requesting
      * permissions and doing I/O on it.
      */
-    void (*activate)(BdrvChild *child, Error **errp);
-    int (*inactivate)(BdrvChild *child);
+    void GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR (*activate)(BdrvChild *child, Error **errp);
+    int GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR (*inactivate)(BdrvChild *child);
 
     void GRAPH_WRLOCK_PTR (*attach)(BdrvChild *child);
     void GRAPH_WRLOCK_PTR (*detach)(BdrvChild *child);
diff --git a/include/block/block_int-global-state.h b/include/block/block_int-global-state.h
index da5fb31089..bebcc08bce 100644
--- a/include/block/block_int-global-state.h
+++ b/include/block/block_int-global-state.h
@@ -212,8 +212,9 @@ void bdrv_get_cumulative_perm(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t *perm,
  * bdrv_child_refresh_perms() instead and make the parent's
  * .bdrv_child_perm() implementation return the correct values.
  */
-int bdrv_child_try_set_perm(BdrvChild *c, uint64_t perm, uint64_t shared,
-                            Error **errp);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_child_try_set_perm(BdrvChild *c, uint64_t perm, uint64_t shared,
+                        Error **errp);
 
 /**
  * Calls bs->drv->bdrv_child_perm() and updates the child's permission
@@ -223,7 +224,8 @@ int bdrv_child_try_set_perm(BdrvChild *c, uint64_t perm, uint64_t shared,
  * values than before, but which will not result in the block layer
  * automatically refreshing the permissions.
  */
-int bdrv_child_refresh_perms(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *c, Error **errp);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_child_refresh_perms(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *c, Error **errp);
 
 bool GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_recurse_can_replace(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                            BlockDriverState *to_replace);
diff --git a/include/sysemu/block-backend-global-state.h b/include/sysemu/block-backend-global-state.h
index 184e667ebd..d5f675493a 100644
--- a/include/sysemu/block-backend-global-state.h
+++ b/include/sysemu/block-backend-global-state.h
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ int blk_insert_bs(BlockBackend *blk, BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp);
 int blk_replace_bs(BlockBackend *blk, BlockDriverState *new_bs, Error **errp);
 bool bdrv_has_blk(BlockDriverState *bs);
 bool bdrv_is_root_node(BlockDriverState *bs);
-int blk_set_perm(BlockBackend *blk, uint64_t perm, uint64_t shared_perm,
-                 Error **errp);
+int GRAPH_UNLOCKED blk_set_perm(BlockBackend *blk, uint64_t perm,
+                                uint64_t shared_perm, Error **errp);
 void blk_get_perm(BlockBackend *blk, uint64_t *perm, uint64_t *shared_perm);
 
 void blk_iostatus_enable(BlockBackend *blk);
diff --git a/block.c b/block.c
index 369023872a..6720bc4f8a 100644
--- a/block.c
+++ b/block.c
@@ -2202,7 +2202,8 @@ static bool bdrv_a_allow_b(BdrvChild *a, BdrvChild *b, Error **errp)
     return false;
 }
 
-static bool bdrv_parent_perms_conflict(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
+static bool GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_parent_perms_conflict(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
 {
     BdrvChild *a, *b;
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
@@ -2255,8 +2256,8 @@ static void bdrv_child_perm(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverState *child_bs,
  * simplest way to satisfy this criteria: use only result of
  * bdrv_topological_dfs() or NULL as @list parameter.
  */
-static GSList *bdrv_topological_dfs(GSList *list, GHashTable *found,
-                                    BlockDriverState *bs)
+static GSList * GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_topological_dfs(GSList *list, GHashTable *found, BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BdrvChild *child;
     g_autoptr(GHashTable) local_found = NULL;
@@ -2532,8 +2533,9 @@ static int bdrv_node_refresh_perm(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockReopenQueue *q,
  * @list is a product of bdrv_topological_dfs() (may be called several times) -
  * a topologically sorted subgraph.
  */
-static int bdrv_do_refresh_perms(GSList *list, BlockReopenQueue *q,
-                                 Transaction *tran, Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_do_refresh_perms(GSList *list, BlockReopenQueue *q, Transaction *tran,
+                      Error **errp)
 {
     int ret;
     BlockDriverState *bs;
@@ -2560,8 +2562,9 @@ static int bdrv_do_refresh_perms(GSList *list, BlockReopenQueue *q,
  * topologically sorted. It's not a problem if some node occurs in the @list
  * several times.
  */
-static int bdrv_list_refresh_perms(GSList *list, BlockReopenQueue *q,
-                                   Transaction *tran, Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_list_refresh_perms(GSList *list, BlockReopenQueue *q, Transaction *tran,
+                        Error **errp)
 {
     g_autoptr(GHashTable) found = g_hash_table_new(NULL, NULL);
     g_autoptr(GSList) refresh_list = NULL;
@@ -2621,8 +2624,8 @@ char *bdrv_perm_names(uint64_t perm)
 
 
 /* @tran is allowed to be NULL. In this case no rollback is possible */
-static int bdrv_refresh_perms(BlockDriverState *bs, Transaction *tran,
-                              Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_refresh_perms(BlockDriverState *bs, Transaction *tran, Error **errp)
 {
     int ret;
     Transaction *local_tran = NULL;
@@ -3247,7 +3250,6 @@ void bdrv_root_unref_child(BdrvChild *child)
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
     bdrv_graph_wrlock(NULL);
     bdrv_replace_child_noperm(child, NULL);
-    bdrv_graph_wrunlock();
     bdrv_child_free(child);
 
     if (child_bs) {
@@ -3266,6 +3268,7 @@ void bdrv_root_unref_child(BdrvChild *child)
                                     NULL);
     }
 
+    bdrv_graph_wrunlock();
     bdrv_unref(child_bs);
 }
 
@@ -4585,7 +4588,10 @@ int bdrv_reopen_multiple(BlockReopenQueue *bs_queue, Error **errp)
      * reconfiguring the fd and that's why it does it in raw_check_perm(), not
      * in raw_reopen_prepare() which is called with "old" permissions.
      */
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     ret = bdrv_list_refresh_perms(refresh_list, bs_queue, tran, errp);
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
+
     if (ret < 0) {
         goto abort;
     }
@@ -6833,6 +6839,7 @@ int bdrv_activate(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
     BdrvDirtyBitmap *bm;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
 
     if (!bs->drv)  {
         return -ENOMEDIUM;
@@ -6963,6 +6970,7 @@ static int bdrv_inactivate_recurse(BlockDriverState *bs)
     uint64_t cumulative_perms, cumulative_shared_perms;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
 
     if (!bs->drv) {
         return -ENOMEDIUM;
diff --git a/block/block-backend.c b/block/block-backend.c
index 4009ed5fed..8d0282a5d9 100644
--- a/block/block-backend.c
+++ b/block/block-backend.c
@@ -121,6 +121,10 @@ static QTAILQ_HEAD(, BlockBackend) block_backends =
 static QTAILQ_HEAD(, BlockBackend) monitor_block_backends =
     QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(monitor_block_backends);
 
+static int coroutine_mixed_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+blk_set_perm_locked(BlockBackend *blk, uint64_t perm, uint64_t shared_perm,
+                    Error **errp);
+
 static void blk_root_inherit_options(BdrvChildRole role, bool parent_is_format,
                                      int *child_flags, QDict *child_options,
                                      int parent_flags, QDict *parent_options)
@@ -186,7 +190,7 @@ static void blk_vm_state_changed(void *opaque, bool running, RunState state)
  *
  * If an error is returned, the VM cannot be allowed to be resumed.
  */
-static void blk_root_activate(BdrvChild *child, Error **errp)
+static void GRAPH_RDLOCK blk_root_activate(BdrvChild *child, Error **errp)
 {
     BlockBackend *blk = child->opaque;
     Error *local_err = NULL;
@@ -207,7 +211,7 @@ static void blk_root_activate(BdrvChild *child, Error **errp)
      */
     saved_shared_perm = blk->shared_perm;
 
-    blk_set_perm(blk, blk->perm, BLK_PERM_ALL, &local_err);
+    blk_set_perm_locked(blk, blk->perm, BLK_PERM_ALL, &local_err);
     if (local_err) {
         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
         blk->disable_perm = true;
@@ -226,7 +230,7 @@ static void blk_root_activate(BdrvChild *child, Error **errp)
         return;
     }
 
-    blk_set_perm(blk, blk->perm, blk->shared_perm, &local_err);
+    blk_set_perm_locked(blk, blk->perm, blk->shared_perm, &local_err);
     if (local_err) {
         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
         blk->disable_perm = true;
@@ -259,7 +263,7 @@ static bool blk_can_inactivate(BlockBackend *blk)
     return blk->force_allow_inactivate;
 }
 
-static int blk_root_inactivate(BdrvChild *child)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK blk_root_inactivate(BdrvChild *child)
 {
     BlockBackend *blk = child->opaque;
 
@@ -953,8 +957,9 @@ int blk_replace_bs(BlockBackend *blk, BlockDriverState *new_bs, Error **errp)
 /*
  * Sets the permission bitmasks that the user of the BlockBackend needs.
  */
-int blk_set_perm(BlockBackend *blk, uint64_t perm, uint64_t shared_perm,
-                 Error **errp)
+static int coroutine_mixed_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+blk_set_perm_locked(BlockBackend *blk, uint64_t perm, uint64_t shared_perm,
+                    Error **errp)
 {
     int ret;
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
@@ -972,6 +977,15 @@ int blk_set_perm(BlockBackend *blk, uint64_t perm, uint64_t shared_perm,
     return 0;
 }
 
+int blk_set_perm(BlockBackend *blk, uint64_t perm, uint64_t shared_perm,
+                 Error **errp)
+{
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
+    return blk_set_perm_locked(blk, perm, shared_perm, errp);
+}
+
 void blk_get_perm(BlockBackend *blk, uint64_t *perm, uint64_t *shared_perm)
 {
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
diff --git a/block/crypto.c b/block/crypto.c
index 6ee8d46d30..c9c9a39fa3 100644
--- a/block/crypto.c
+++ b/block/crypto.c
@@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ block_crypto_get_specific_info_luks(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
     return spec_info;
 }
 
-static int
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
 block_crypto_amend_prepare(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
 {
     BlockCrypto *crypto = bs->opaque;
@@ -793,7 +793,7 @@ block_crypto_amend_prepare(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
     return ret;
 }
 
-static void
+static void GRAPH_RDLOCK
 block_crypto_amend_cleanup(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BlockCrypto *crypto = bs->opaque;
@@ -841,6 +841,8 @@ block_crypto_amend_options_luks(BlockDriverState *bs,
     QCryptoBlockAmendOptions *amend_options = NULL;
     int ret = -EINVAL;
 
+    assume_graph_lock(); /* FIXME */
+
     assert(crypto);
     assert(crypto->block);
 
diff --git a/block/mirror.c b/block/mirror.c
index aae4bebbb6..3cc0757a03 100644
--- a/block/mirror.c
+++ b/block/mirror.c
@@ -702,8 +702,12 @@ static int mirror_exit_common(Job *job)
      * mirror_top_bs from now on, so keep it drained. */
     bdrv_drained_begin(mirror_top_bs);
     bs_opaque->stop = true;
+
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     bdrv_child_refresh_perms(mirror_top_bs, mirror_top_bs->backing,
                              &error_abort);
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
+
     if (!abort && s->backing_mode == MIRROR_SOURCE_BACKING_CHAIN) {
         BlockDriverState *backing = s->is_none_mode ? src : s->base;
         BlockDriverState *unfiltered_target = bdrv_skip_filters(target_bs);
@@ -1670,6 +1674,8 @@ static BlockJob *mirror_start_job(
     uint64_t target_perms, target_shared_perms;
     int ret;
 
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+
     if (granularity == 0) {
         granularity = bdrv_get_default_bitmap_granularity(target);
     }
@@ -1906,8 +1912,10 @@ fail:
     }
 
     bs_opaque->stop = true;
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     bdrv_child_refresh_perms(mirror_top_bs, mirror_top_bs->backing,
                              &error_abort);
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
     bdrv_replace_node(mirror_top_bs, mirror_top_bs->backing->bs, &error_abort);
 
     bdrv_unref(mirror_top_bs);
diff --git a/block/vmdk.c b/block/vmdk.c
index 58ce290e9c..84185b73a2 100644
--- a/block/vmdk.c
+++ b/block/vmdk.c
@@ -1309,6 +1309,8 @@ static int vmdk_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
     uint32_t magic;
 
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     ret = bdrv_open_file_child(NULL, options, "file", bs, errp);
     if (ret < 0) {
         return ret;
diff --git a/tests/unit/test-bdrv-graph-mod.c b/tests/unit/test-bdrv-graph-mod.c
index 621e616655..8609f7f42b 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test-bdrv-graph-mod.c
+++ b/tests/unit/test-bdrv-graph-mod.c
@@ -372,6 +372,9 @@ static void test_parallel_perm_update(void)
 
     /* Select fl1 as first child to be active */
     s->selected = c_fl1;
+
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
+
     bdrv_child_refresh_perms(top, top->children.lh_first, &error_abort);
 
     assert(c_fl1->perm & BLK_PERM_WRITE);
@@ -391,6 +394,7 @@ static void test_parallel_perm_update(void)
     assert(c_fl1->perm & BLK_PERM_WRITE);
     assert(!(c_fl2->perm & BLK_PERM_WRITE));
 
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
     bdrv_unref(top);
 }
 
