[v3,0/5] Improve group scanning in CR 0 and CR 1 passes

ext4: improve cr 0 and cr 1 passes

This patch series improves cr 0 and cr 1 passes of the allocator
signficantly. Currently, at cr 0 and 1, we perform linear lookups to
find the matching groups. That's very inefficient for large file
systems where there are millions of block groups. At cr 0, we only
care about the groups that have the largest free order >= the
request's order and at cr 1 we only care about groups where average
fragment size > the request size. so, this patchset introduces new
data structures that allow us to perform cr 0 lookup in constant time
and cr 1 lookup in log (number of groups) time instead of linear.

For cr 0, we add a list for each order and all the groups are enqueued
to the appropriate list based on the largest free order in its buddy
bitmap. This allows us to lookup a match at cr 0 in constant time.

For cr 1, we add a new rb tree of groups sorted by largest fragment
size. This allows us to lookup a match for cr 1 in log (num groups)
time.

These optimizations can be enabled by passing "mb_optimize_scan" mount
option.

These changes may result in allocations to be spread across the block
device. While that would not matter some block devices (such as flash)
it may be a cause of concern for other block devices that benefit from
storing related content togetther such as disk. However, it can be
argued that in high fragmentation scenrio, especially for large disks,
it's still worth optimizing the scanning since in such cases, we get
cpu bound on group scanning instead of getting IO bound. Perhaps, in
future, we could dynamically turn this new optimization on based on
fragmentation levels for such devices.

Verified that there are no regressions in smoke tests (-g quick -c 4k).

Also, to demonstrate the effectiveness for the patch series, following
experiment was performed:

Created a highly fragmented disk of size 65TB. The disk had no
contiguous 2M regions. Following command was run consecutively for 3
times:

time dd if=/dev/urandom of=file bs=2M count=10

Here are the results with and without cr 0/1 optimizations:

|---------+------------------------------+---------------------------|
|         | Without CR 0/1 Optimizations | With CR 0/1 Optimizations |
|---------+------------------------------+---------------------------|
| 1st run | 5m1.871s                     | 2m47.642s                 |
| 2nd run | 2m28.390s                    | 0m0.611s                  |
| 3rd run | 2m26.530s                    | 0m1.255s                  |
|---------+------------------------------+---------------------------|

The patch [2/5] "ext4: add mballoc stats proc file" is a modified
version of the patch originally written by Artem Blagodarenko
(artem.blagodarenko@gmail.com). With that patch, I ran following
command with and without optimizations.

dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/file bs=2M count=2 conv=fsync

Without optimizations:
mballoc:
        reqs: 41
        success: 1
        groups_scanned: 63
        groups_considered: 20643620
        extents_scanned: 7851
                goal_hits: 0
                2^n_hits: 1
                breaks: 39
                lost: 0
        useless_c0_loops: 3
        useless_c1_loops: 39
        useless_c2_loops: 0
        useless_c3_loops: 0
        buddies_generated: 491561/491520
        buddies_time_used: 13078539152
        preallocated: 0
        discarded: 0

With optimizations:
mballoc:
        reqs: 42
        success: 1
        groups_scanned: 62
        groups_considered: 1011
        extents_scanned: 8062
                goal_hits: 0
                2^n_hits: 0
                breaks: 40
                lost: 0
        useless_c0_loops: 0
        useless_c1_loops: 0
        useless_c2_loops: 0
        useless_c3_loops: 0
        buddies_generated: 491561/491520
        buddies_time_used: 13165943648
        preallocated: 0
        discarded: 0

This shows that CR0 and CR1 optimizations get rid of useless CR0 and
CR1 loops altogether thereby significantly reducing the number of
groups that get considered.

Changes from V2:
----------------
- Added mb_linear_limit sysfs tunable that controls how many groups
  should the allocator search in linear fashion before consulting the
  the new data structures.
- Added following optimizations:
  * Full groups are not added to either structures
  * MB_OPTIMIZE_SCAN is disabled for small file systems
- Updated documentation in the code
- Made output of mb_structs_summary output file to be YAML compatible
- Small fixes to change location of increment ac_groups_considered
  variable and added missed MB_NUM_ORDERS macro

Signed-off-by: Harshad Shirwadkar <harshadshirwadkar@gmail.com>

Harshad Shirwadkar (5):
  ext4: drop s_mb_bal_lock and convert protected fields to atomic
  ext4: add mballoc stats proc file
  ext4: add MB_NUM_ORDERS macro
  ext4: improve cr 0 / cr 1 group scanning
  ext4: add proc files to monitor new structures

 fs/ext4/ext4.h    |  24 +-
 fs/ext4/mballoc.c | 541 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 fs/ext4/mballoc.h |  20 ++
 fs/ext4/super.c   |   6 +-
 fs/ext4/sysfs.c   |   6 +
 5 files changed, 564 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)